Journal of Climate and Community Development
The Journal of Climate and Community Development (JOCCD) is an open-access, double-blind, peer-reviewed international journal that includes empirical research, theoretical articles, case studies, systematic literature reviews, and meta-analyses. The journal has initially been approved by the Higher Education Commission (HEC) of Pakistan and ranked in the Y-Category in October 2024 and maintained its status in the same category for this year till December 2027 by publishing quality content and by maintaining international publication standards. By keeping in view the mission of the Publisher, the Institute for Educating Environmental Resilience and Governance (IEERG), the JOCCD focuses on research topics, i.e., climate change and community resilience, climate impacts and food security, climate adaptation and sustainable development, technology and innovation in climate and community development, etc. For details, visit Aim & Scope The journal is multidisciplinary. We welcome submissions from diverse disciplinary backgrounds, including environmental science, sociology, gender studies, and cultural studies. Desk Review Time: 1 week (Average) Peer-review Process: 4 weeks (Average) Acceptance Rate: 48% Note: The Journal did not charge any submission fees to authors; however, it charges a minimal fee for processing and publication after acceptance of a paper. For detailed guidance, visit Author Guidelines
INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATING ENVIRONMENT RESILIENCE AND GOVERNANCE (SMC-PRIVATE) LIMITED]
Urban Midrise Residential Living in Pakistan: A Critical Review of Livability, Cultural Adaptation, and Environmental Performance
Rapid urbanization, population growth, and diminishing land availability have accelerated the adoption of mid-rise residential buildings (4–12 storeys) as a primary response to Pakistan's urban housing deficit. While these developments offer an efficient strategy for accommodating growing populations in cities such as Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad, their implications for environmental sustainability, social well-being, and residential quality of life remain insufficiently understood. Drawing on a comprehensive review of secondary sources, including peer-reviewed literature, government reports, policy documents, and credible institutional publications, this study critically examines the multidimensional impacts of mid-rise housing in Pakistan. The findings reveal persistent design and governance challenges, including inadequate natural ventilation and daylighting, weak waste management systems, inconsistent enforcement of building regulations, and insufficient urban infrastructure, all of which compromise environmental performance and occupant satisfaction. The review further demonstrates that the shift from traditional courtyard and extended-family housing to apartment living is reshaping social structures, reducing privacy, weakening intergenerational interaction, and diminishing informal support networks. Environmentally, although mid-rise development contributes to limiting urban sprawl, it has also intensified urban heat island effects, reduced accessible green spaces below recommended standards, and increased reliance on carbon-intensive construction materials and energy systems. The study concludes that improving the livability of Pakistan's mid-rise housing requires an integrated framework combining climate-responsive architectural design, stronger regulatory enforcement, sustainable planning practices, and culturally responsive housing policies that address both environmental performance and residents' evolving social needs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ar. Jamshaid Khan, Ar. Dr. Omer Shujat Bhatti (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Regional heterogeneity in household fuel stacking and energy transitions: Microdata Insights from Pakistan
This paper investigates regional disparities in energy transitions and fuel stacking behavior across households in Pakistan. For this purpose, Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES) from 2004-05 to 2018-19 has been used. Results indicate that although electricity consumption has increased substantially over time, complete transition to cleaner fuels has not been achieved. Instead of moving up the energy ladder, households are stacking different traditional fuels, such as firewood, dung cake, and agricultural waste, along with the cleaner fuels. Regional analysis shows that the urban households are transitioning to cleaner fuels, while rural households are still relying on traditional fuels. Within provinces, urbanized and economically developed provinces like Punjab and Sindh are experiencing a transition to cleaner fuels, whereas households in KP and Balochistan are trapped in a dual energy paradigm by spending significant proportions on both types of fuels. Therefore, this study concludes that to bridge the gap created because of the divide across regions and provinces, policymakers must take steps beyond simply increasing access to electricity at the regional level to achieve sustainable transition to cleaner fuels.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nasir Bashir, Prof. Dr. Faisal Mehmood Mirza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Living in the Middle of Extinction: Climate Change, Philosophy, and the Anthropocene
We are living in the middle of extinction. Several species have already disappeared, numerous others are endangered, and Indigenous communities have experienced ecological and cultural destruction for centuries. Yet the term Anthropocene places the responsibility for planetary transformation on humanity as a whole. This article questions the human implied in the Anthropocene and examines the political importance of naming and dating the current geological epoch. It considers the Eurocene as a way of drawing attention to European colonialism, and the global expansion of a human centered economic hegemony. The article also examines extinction as a gradual process that is already part of the present. I draw on Indigenous accounts of ongoing apocalypse to argue that human survival depends on relations that capitalism and ongoing colonialism continues to damage. The article concludes by calling for a dialogue between the sciences and humanities and for a renewed understanding of philosophy’s responsibility toward the present and future.
Copyright (c) 2024 Shahram Sarwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Geospatial analysis of land use and land cover change using GIS and remote sensing: Implications for earth systems
Land use and land cover (LULC) change is a major driver of environmental transformation, affecting climate regulation, hydrological processes, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Rapid urbanization, agricultural expansion, deforestation, and climate variability have accelerated landscape modifications worldwide, creating significant challenges for sustainable development. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies have become essential tools for monitoring and analysing these changes through satellite-based observations and spatial analysis. This narrative review examines global patterns and drivers of LULC change and highlights recent advances in geospatial technologies, including machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques for land cover mapping and change detection. The review further explores the implications of LULC dynamics for Earth system processes, such as carbon cycling, land surface temperature, water resources, ecosystem resilience, and biodiversity conservation. In addition, widely used geospatial indicators, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), and Land Surface Temperature (LST), are discussed as valuable tools for environmental assessment. The review concludes that integrating GIS, remote sensing, and advanced analytical approaches provides a robust framework for understanding landscape transformations and supporting sustainable land management and environmental governance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Tasaeen, Muhammad Yasrab (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change in Loralai, Balochistan: Environmental, social, and economic impacts in an International Relations context
Climate change poses serious threats to vulnerable regions especially in the Balochistan province in the arid and semi-arid areas. The study investigates the environmental, social and economic consequences of climate change in Loralai District aimed to shed light on the felt climate changes and adaptation strategies of local communities. The study conducted through qualitative interviews reveals that increasing temperatures, inconsistent rainfall and frequent droughts are some of the key environmental challenges, while their impact on agriculture, water availability, and biodiversity is felt. These changes have impacted people's livelihoods, driven migration pressure, and undermined the resilience of communities, particularly of those that have been marginalized. The reduction in productivity and loss of livestock value has also led to increased poverty and unemployment, perpetuating a cycle of vulnerability. The research highlights Loralai as a case study to inform the ongoing discussion on climate change, resilience and adaptation in South Asia and locates it in an International Relations framework which brings the local to the international, to the discourse of international security and to the policy landscape on sustainable futures.
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Ghafoor, Mirwais Kasi, Abdul Qadir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
From culture to conduct: How clan culture shapes sustainable nursing behavior through moral leadership
Healthcare institutions are facing increased challenges in preserving ethical and sustainable practices of their nursing staff due to burnout, scarce resources, and increasing patient requirements. This study seeks to explore the impact of clan culture on sustainable behaviour at work among nurses and identify whether moral leadership acts as a mediator of this process. Based on Social Exchange Theory, Social Learning Theory, Ethical Climate Theory and Conservation of Resources Theory, the mediation model was tested on a sample of 172 registered nurses from public hospitals of South Punjab, Pakistan. A quantitative, cross-sectional approach was used in the study and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique was applied for the analysis of data. Results indicate that clan culture positively affects moral leadership (β = 0.686, R² = 0.470), whereas moral leadership is significantly related to five aspects of sustainable workplace behaviour: working sustainably, not harming others, conserving resources, influencing others and showing initiative. The mediation analysis revealed that moral leadership completely mediates the relation of clan culture with each of the mentioned five aspects of behaviour. These results indicate that the collaborative organisational culture supports sustainable practices in nursing through development of morally responsible leaders.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danish Mushtaq, Dr Aisha Khan, Dr. Shahzadi Sattar, Ume Habiba (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change and poverty traps: Evidence from flood-affected Regions of Pakistan
This paper investigates the relationship between climate-induced floods and poverty trap formation in Pakistan, focusing on the 2022, 2024, and 2025 monsoon floods. It examines whether recurrent flood shocks push vulnerable households, particularly poor rural households, women, and smallholder farmers, into persistent poverty through the erosion of livelihood assets. The study develops a household-level Flood Impact and Resilience Index (FIRI) using secondary data from Pakistan's Post Disaster Needs Assessment, National Disaster Management Authority, World Bank, and United Nations agencies. Hierarchical OLS regression with heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors and an Intersectional Vulnerability Index are applied. Results reveal that poor female-headed smallholder households experience the greatest flood impacts, with significantly higher FIRI scores than wealthier landowning households. Interaction effects confirm that poverty, gender, and smallholder status jointly intensify vulnerability, while enrolment in the Benazir Income Support Programme significantly reduces flood impacts. The findings emphasize the need for shock-responsive social protection, improved early warning systems, and a strategic shift from disaster relief to disaster risk reduction and prevention in Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gerald Angelo, Sajjad Yousaf, Mujahid Hussain, Abdul Khaliq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate-Induced Displacements and Refugee Governance: Policy Challenges in South Asia
South Asia faces an expanding range of climate change-related hazards, including cyclones, floods, droughts, landslides, heatwaves, and sea-level rise, that are increasingly driving population movement within and across borders. Climate-induced displacement has risen sharply in recent years, with Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan experiencing the highest levels of human mobility triggered by environmental shocks. Yet people uprooted by climate impacts are not protected under the 1951 Refugee Convention, leaving a major gap in legal and institutional safeguards. This paper examines emerging patterns of climate-driven mobility in the most vulnerable South Asian States and evaluates the governance responses required at national, regional, and international levels. Key challenges include the absence of legal recognition for climate-displaced persons, limited financing for long-term solutions, difficulties in planned relocation, weak information systems, and inadequate regional cooperation. The study proposes a policy roadmap that calls for national displacement strategies, the integration of mobility into climate adaptation planning, bilateral protection arrangements, anticipatory action systems, and strengthened financing for loss and damage. Implementing these measures would help shift the region’s approach from reactive disaster response to a more proactive, rights-based, and predictable framework for governing climate-related mobility.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Humera Akhtar, Ateeqa Saif, Sheikh Arslan Zafar, Peshmina Maqsood (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Pakistan under Climate Change Patterns: Challenges for Security and Survival
In the twenty-first century, climate change has evolved from an environmental problem into a non-traditional security challenge, particularly for fragile states like Pakistan. Intensifying climatic variations such as changing temperature, rainfall patterns, floods, and heat waves, are compounding socio-economic pressures as well as generating new vulnerabilities. These impacts erode Pakistan's economic, strategic and environmental security. That places unprecedented stress on state institutions, thus undermining the foundation of the state’s stability, legitimacy, and continuity. Against this backdrop, this research aims to examine how rapidly changing climate patterns in Pakistan are reshaping the national security structure and posing threats to the state’s survival. Guided by the Human Security Paradigm and State Survival Theory, this study argues that climate change weakens the state's security and capacity to deliver essential services by constraining individual and institutional resilience. The research applies qualitative and exploratory methodology to interpret the data. The findings identify that climate change posing threats to security and survival. By positioning Pakistan as a crucial case, the climate-induced vulnerabilities intersect with national security and survival in recent times.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Muhammad Ahmad, Monibah Arif (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Role and Influence of Social Media in Shaping Afghan Refugees’ Repatriation Decisions
For over 40 years, the repatriation of Afghan refugees has been a major topic in discussions about humanitarian issues and policies in South Asia. While decisions about returning to Afghanistan have often been shaped by political uncertainty, insecurity, and unstable economic situations, the rapid rise of social media has introduced a new factor into this process. This article explores how Afghan refugees in Pakistan and Iran use digital platforms, specifically Facebook, YouTube, Twitter, WhatsApp, and TikTok, to obtain information about repatriation and how this interaction affects their decision-making. The study employs descriptive statistical analysis to evaluate perceptions of social media's role in refugee returns, based on a purposive survey of 50 postgraduate students from Quaid-i-Azam University and the National Defence University who have studied Afghan refugees academically. According to research, social media is a crucial information source as well as a contested area where misinformation, diaspora advocacy, and trust-building all influence refugee decisions at the same time. The paper makes the case that understanding the informational ecosystems in which refugees function is crucial to creating more successful repatriation plans, guaranteeing safety, and reducing the dangers of false information.
Copyright (c) 2024 Saad Zakariya, Maira Hilal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Spatiotemporal Speciation of Micronutrients in Organic Compost and Their Efficacy in Enhancing Triticum aestivum L. Yield
This study explored the impact of organic compost sourced from a three-month aerobic decomposition of poultry manure, farmyard manure, and green manure on soil health and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) productivity. Organic additives, featuring an EC of 2.2 dSm⁻¹ and a pH of 7.5, were applied to the soil with a benchmark pH of 8.06 and EC of 0.58 dSm⁻¹ to examine their potential to enrich micronutrient retention and soil structure. By using the A-B DTPA methodology, soil extraction and wet digestion for plant tissue analysis, the experiment emphasized the speciation and bioavailability of micronutrients. The findings imply that the application of 15 tha⁻¹ (T4) yielded the most notable improvements, followed in order by the 10t ha⁻¹ (T3) dosage; specifically, post-harvest(production) soil analysis in T4 revealed micronutrient proportions of 2.7, 0.55, and 2.81 mg kg⁻¹ for Cu, Zn, and Fe, respectively. This nutrient supplementation resulted in appreciable enhanced agronomic productivity, including a 40% increase in total wheat output, an 18% increase in spike size, and a 14.2% rise in fresh biomass yield. Furthermore, plant tissue analytical assessment confirmed the improved uptake in T4, with Cu, Zn, and Fe concentration level reached up to 18.6, 79.3, and 33.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Numan Latif, Muhammad Usama Rafiq, Syed Mufeed Hadi Naqvi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanity redefined: Insights from Chinese philosophy and culture
The paper, will discuss how Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism can provide the alternative concept of the meaning of being human in the perspectives of relational ethics, natural harmony, and compassion. In fact, Chinese school of philosophical traditions expound further on a perception of humankind elicited through ethics, natural harmony and compassionate interdependence. Confucianism is the school of thought founded by Confucius which proudly underlines the idea of *Ren ( 仁 ) or benevolence, thus, trying its utmost to focus on morality and positive relations as the ways of achieving true human beings. The philosophy of Daoism, established by Laozi and Zhuangzi, supports an elusive ideal of Laozi, the way of no, known as, the state of inaction, which is named as the way to be in conformity with Dao (道). It is an opposition to Confucianism which demands active morality training and the opposite image that the world is disease free nature with limited interruptions. Having a profound impact on Chinese thinking, Buddhism views the human being differently, wherein the significance of humanity is reevaluated in the view of compassion and interrelatedness.
Copyright (c) 2024 Syed Ali Shah, Muhammad Zeeshan Naseer, Amir Ullah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change as a security threat: theoretical dilemmas and the limits of climate (in)action in the Anthropocene
The rising recognition that environmental degradation is no longer just about ecology; we are now seeing resource scarcity, loss of biodiversity, and ecological decline as important security problems, not just at the level of nation-states but also at other levels of society. As a result, over time, the climate-security linkage has emerged onto the main international debates concerning climate change. The emergence of the Anthropocene has challenged many of the underlying assumptions we had about how to control or predict climate change. This paper considers this by viewing the environment as a security object and exploring how different theoretical lens will shape how we respond to climate change. The paper analyses climate security through the prism of international regime theory, hegemonic stability theory, and securitization theory — all of which highlight specific tensions within these theoretical perspectives. Although these theoretical frameworks give political weight and urgency to climate issues, they also have the potential to sideline underlying structural drivers of climate issues and to promote state-centrist responses to climate issues. Ironically, as a result of this, despite increased focus on climate issues, many of our existing mechanisms are not structured to adequately address the breadth and complexity of the climate crisis.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmed Hassan Awan, Dr. Salma Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Physico-chemical dynamics and water quality assessment of drigh lake, Sindh, Pakistan
This study assesses the seasonal dynamics of physico-chemical parameters and evaluates the water quality status of Drigh Lake to understand its ecological condition and eutrophication risk. Seasonal water samples were collected from multiple stations within the lake and its inlets, and key parameters including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, transparency, total suspended solids, and total dissolved solids were analyzed using standard field and laboratory methods. The results revealed pronounced seasonal variability across all parameters, with elevated temperatures, reduced dissolved oxygen, and lower transparency during summer months, indicating intensified biological activity and organic matter decomposition. Higher suspended solids and dissolved solids during periods of low water level highlighted the strong influence of agricultural runoff and evaporation-driven concentration effects. Although most parameters remained within national and international permissible limits, the observed trends reflect progressive nutrient enrichment and increasing eutrophication pressure. The findings demonstrate that watershed-driven inputs, combined with shallow lake morphology and seasonal hydrological fluctuations, are key drivers of water quality degradation in Drigh Lake.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneer Ahmed Abbasi, Mukhtiar Ahmed Mahar, Abdul Rasool Abbasi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Women in leadership positions: A comparative study of PM Benazir Bhutto and CM Maryam Nawaz
Women comprise 49.6% of the world population. In Pakistan, women comprise 49.33% of the population. Becoming almost half of the population, women's role in the administration, economics, and politics is meager. In the political history of Pakistan, it has had only one female prime minister throughout its independence. In 77 years of Pakistan, for the first time in 2024 female chief minister of Punjab secured a seat. This paper explains the women's leadership in Pakistan. A comparative study of Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto and current serving chief minister Maryam Nawaz. The paper examines the hardships they both face, their leadership style, and their policies. The studies also analyze the similarities and differences of support systems behind each leader. The study reveals that both women as leaders perform very well Maryam Nawaz is currently serving and her policies and initiatives toward development are very reliable. Both women's styles are democratic, inclusive, and more responsible. The governance of Maryam Nawaz is more active in her province because of social media advancement as compared to Benazir Bhutto's time. Both pawed the path for women in all sectors of government and as Benazir is a landmark personality Maryam Nawaz also will be the most reliable women leader of Pakistan.
Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Saleem, Ali Hassan, Ali Hasnain (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The TikTok Fitna: Moral panics, short-form video, and the contested public sphere in Pakistan
In Pakistan, the social media platform TikTok is in a paradoxical situation: it has become one of the most popular applications in the country and simultaneously the topic of frequent state bans. The paper claims that this recurring confrontation is not simply the issue of policing immoral content but a symptom of deeper societal conflict in the definition and control of the public sphere in the digital era. Based on the theory of moral panic by Stanley Cohen and counter-publics by Nancy Fraser, we examine the official state discourse supporting the idea of TikTok as a Fitna (a source of chaos or sedition). We argue that this platform is an effective, decentralized counter-public among the youth, rural citizens, and other groups often marginalized by Pakistan elite, state-controlled media. By critically analyzing various applications of the platform, including vernacular commerce and religious discourse, and considering the rise and fall of bans, this paper records the creation of a new, contentious space. We find that the TikTok battle is a main arena of the future of the Pakistani public sphere, where global platforms can radically reconfigure social and political communication at the grassroots, disrupting established patterns of state-centric cultural and informational control.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hina Nawaz, Syed Abdul Siraj (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change and its socioeconomic impacts on Pakistan’s agriculture sector
The agriculture sector of Pakistan is the main stay of livelihood for the labor force; it contributes almost 23% of GDP, and it is highly important for climatic conditions. It is also important to notice in this paper that the rising of temperature, the shifting of patterns of heat waves, the filling and changing condition of glaciers in context to groundwater dynamics, and the impact on crop yields are positive. It is also important to notice the review of natural agriculture policy documentation and different reports on the observation of project risks and socio-economic paths and different dipositive conditions, which impact the agriculture sector differently. It also impacts rainfall conditions, irrigation of land, distribution of different segments of society, and different climatic options for improvement of agriculture and irrigation systems. It is also important that the policy recommendations to strengthen the agriculture sector are an important part of this paper or policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan.
Water Security and Climate -smart Agriculture
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Ali Panhyar, Dr. Inayatullah Magsi, Norang Chandio (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Supreme Court of Pakistan as a federal court an analysis
An independent judiciary is an integral part of modern federations as it plays an important role in strengthening federal values. It protects minority rights; safeguards separation of powers within the federal structure and resolve disagreements between federation and the provinces, and between the provinces. Therefore, in most cases, contemporary federal constitutions assign these roles to superior courts. In this context, this study examines the role of the Supreme Court (SC) of Pakistan as a federal court, acting as a referee in disputes between the federation and the provinces, or among the provinces. This study presents an in-depth analysis of certain selected cases decided by the SC of Pakistan, aimed at safeguarding the federal character of the state. The findings offer a modest contribution to the field and serve as a valuable source for policymakers and legal scholars to grasp the federal role of the SC of Pakistan
Copyright (c) 2025 Malik Husnain Awan, Dr. Muhammad Mushtaq (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Humanitarian response or human rights gap? A critical analysis of post-flood relief and resettlement in Khairpur Mirs
This study aims to critically examine the post-2022 flood relief and resettlement efforts in Khairpur Mirs, Sindh using the intersecting lens of humanitarian response and human rights. Climate induced disasters are increasingly recognized as global justice issues, the case of Khairpur reveals significant disparities between short term humanitarian interventions and long term-based recovery. Using the lens of climate justice theory and international legal frameworks such as ICESCR, UN guiding principles on international displacement and Sendai framework, this research aims to investigate if the fundamental rights to housing, health, food, education and participation were upheld in the aftermath of floods. The findings reveal a critical gap in governance, community inclusion and participation and legal accountability. Relief efforts and distribution was marred by political interference, gendered exclusions and limited engagement of the affected community. This article suggests a paradigm change in models of emergency relief models of disaster governance that focus on giving voice and rights to vulnerable populations. The case of Khairpur serves as indicator of the human cost of the lack of attention to the problem of climate change and as warning against underscoring the extreme necessity of integrating human rights into the process of disaster management and policy formulation
Copyright (c) 2025 Zahid Hussain Jamro, Shazia Habib (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
The Local Government, Urban Community and Climate Resilience in Pakistan: A Case Study of Lahore
Climate change poses a significant threat to the livelihood and well-being of Pakistan's urban communities, particularly in Lahore. Rising temperatures and urban flooding have increased the intensity of the heat waves, and changes in the precipitation pattern are exacerbating urban flooding. This study assesses the vulnerability of urban communities in Lahore to climate change using qualitative research methods, and it includes 25 interviews. According to the results, local communities are highly vulnerable to climate-related challenges, with significant impacts on livelihoods, infrastructure, and socio-economic problems. The study identifies several key factors contributing to vulnerability, including poverty, lack of awareness, and limited economic diversification. The study highlights the importance of community-based adaptation strategies, including the use of traditional knowledge and practices, to enhance resilience to climate change. The need for urgent policy action to raise awareness and support climate resilience and adaptation measures in urban communities of Pakistan. The findings of this study have important implications for policymakers, practitioners, and researchers working in the field of climate change adaptation and climate resilience. The study recommends the development of targeted adaptation programs that take into account the specific needs and vulnerabilities of urban communities in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Almera, Mohammad Muneeb Butt, Mehroz Tahir (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Challenges in integration: Sociological interpretive analysis of sexually abused male children in district Dir lower
This study intended to know about the reintegration challenges faced by sexually abused male children. Child sexual abuse causes severe physical, psychological, and emotional suffering and is a serious violation of human rights. The aim of this study was to determine the difficulties faced by male children who had experienced sexual abuse had in reintegrating into society. The researchers employed qualitative research methodologies in this study since the nature of the research necessitates a thorough examination of the rehabilitation and reintegration process. Albert Bandura's social learning theory served as the theoretical foundation for this investigation. The saturation point was used to establish the sample size, which were ten participants. The data in the current study was decoded by the researchers using thematic analysis. The study finds out that there are significant obstacles for male children who have experienced sexual abuse, such as psychological trauma, societal stigma, and a lack of family support. The results indicate that survivors face anxiety, despair, remorse, fear, and loneliness, and that reintegration is further hampered by weak family ties and social stigma. The study recommends establishing community awareness campaigns, offering ongoing psychosocial counseling, and bolstering family-based support networks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mr. Salman Khan, Mr. Riaz Ullah, Dr. Mansoor Ahmad, Mr. Hammad Zada, Ms. Marjan Gul (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate Change in Pakistan: Assessing risks, adaptation and mitigation strategies
The purpose of the study is to determine the perceived risks of climate change in Pakistan, the awareness and adaptation practices among the people, and to determine mitigation measures. The study also considers how effective government policies are and how willing people are to make lifestyle changes to deal with challenges that are based on climate. Quantitative research design was used with a structured questionnaire online. The findings show that awareness of climate change is very high, with 88.6 % of respondents being aware of the issue and 80 % of the respondents believing that the problem is severe or very severe. The highest risks were noted to be water scarcity (71.4 %), floods (62.9 %), and heatwaves (57.1 %). Other popular adaptation practices included tree plantation (42.9%), water conservation (37.1%) but renewable energy adoption was low (11.4%). Most (51.4%) people considered government policies to be ineffective, but 85.7% were ready to change their lifestyles to reduce climate change. The role of the government as the key player in solving climate problems was also highlighted by the respondents with NGOs and communities as secondary players.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bushra Maryam, Muhammad Nafees, Suneela Raza, Farooq Ahmad Khan Laghari, Anosha Sultan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Impact of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on tourism and tourist destinations
This research examines the effect of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) on tourism and tourist sites in Pakistan. CPEC has brought with it huge improvements in infrastructure, such as improved roads, transport, and communication systems, which have opened up far-flung and underdeveloped regions. The study examines both the favorable impacts, e.g., economic development, employment generation, and creation of new tourist attractions, as well as the negative impacts, e.g., degradation of the environment, cultural transformation, and overburdening of local resources. Through Quantitative approach (survey), the research intends to gain an in-depth perspective of how CPEC is reshaping tourism in Pakistan and provide recommendations for sustainable development so that the benefits of this growth are maximized and the harmful effects are lessened.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatima Anis Naqvi, Dr. Muhammad Kamran, Badar Kamal Habib, Ali Hamza (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Digital intimacy and the transformative trajectories of contemporary marital relations: A sociological perspective
This paper uses qualitative methods to explore how digital media both fosters intimacy and provokes conflict among couples. Theoretical frameworks i.e.The Hyper-personal Model”, “Expectancy Violation Theory” (EVT), and “Affection Exchange Theory (AET). This paper is an attempt to explore various practices i.e. sentimental messaging, digital relationship rituals, and phubbing eventually shape the dynamics of the relationships. Data was collected employing interviews with 10 married couples (total participants = 20) from major urban cities of Pakistan (Karachi, Lahore, and Islamabad). Four central themes were developed using the Phenomenological approach. Themes of dual nature, entertaining and distracting, phubbing as a violation of emotional expectations, affection drawn by deliberate digital engagement as a means of emotional reinforcement, and finally cultural and religious arguments dictating the digital maturity. Findings reveal digital behaviours like phubbing erode emotional connection and spark jealousy, while shared online rituals may enhance relational maintenance. This study offers insights into digital intimacy, recommending culturally sensitive strategies for mindful phone use and empathetic communication to nurture marital intimacy in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shadab Iqbal (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reducing carbon footprints in food industry through AI-Powered lean manufacturing
This review describes how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed food manufacturing by optimizing production, reducing waste, improving sustainability and reducing CO2 emissions. The AI uses predictive analytics, real-time monitoring and computer vision to simplify operations, reduce environmental impact and ensure product consistency. AI-powered smart food factories automate tasks, predict maintenance needs and check quality in real time to boost output. AI-powered supply chain management reduces food waste, optimizes resources and simplifies logistics. AI helps create customized nutrition and new protein sources to meet customer needs. The AI has many benefits but high prices, data privacy concerns, and job loss make it difficult to use in food processing. To solve these issues, we must invest in AI training, rules and moral use. Robotics, block chain integration and AI-driven 3D food printing will transform food production, meeting global sustainability standards and reducing CO2 emissions. It also addresses the main barriers to AI use such as infrastructure, morality and money and offers various solutions. By responsibly using AI and addressing these challenges, the food industry can generate more efficient, secure and sustainable production systems.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muneeb Ur Rehman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Legislative responses and political party roles in the sociopolitical empowerment of Christian women in Lahore: A comparative review of PTI and PML-N (2013–2022
Christian women in Lahore face multiple sources of marginalization due to discrimination based on gender as well as being a religious minority. Even though there are some legislative safeguards and constitutional guarantees, the real lives of such women reveal that they are vulnerable in a social, economic, and political sense. In this review article, the author identifies and critically analyses the country's efforts of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N) and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaaf (PTI) governments, 2013-2022, in terms of legislating, policy, and institutions. It has drawn on secondary literature only and explores the sociopolitical issues that plague Christian women, the extent and execution of significant legislative actions, and impediments to effective empowerment. This review is premised on constructivist theory, hence providing a synthesis of reforms regarding the same and pointing out the traces of barriers to participation and inclusion, and the necessity of progressing to more valuable intersectional and contextually considerate legal and policy solutions that would enable the substantive empowerment of Christian women in Lahore.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laiba Khan, Dr. Shafique Qurban (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Climate-Induced displacement and the gendered realities of migration in Pakistan: A case study approach
In Pakistan, climate change has a severe impact on the mechanisms of displacement, with various floods, droughts, and extreme weather conditions regularly displacing communities. This paper highlights the gendered impacts of displacement caused by climate change, placing a particular emphasis on the vulnerability of women at risk. It uses a qualitative method to explain how the socio-cultural norms, structural disparities, and institutional gaps increase the vulnerability of women. There is empirical evidence based on field observations and secondary sources, illustrating how displaced women face increased risks like gender-based violence, lack of mobility, and poor access to health and legal services, and are mostly left out of the decision-making, concerning climate adaptation. The results support the need to have gender-sensitive policies and locally contextual measures of adaptation responding to intersectional vulnerabilities. In a broader context, the study contributes to the existing demands to shift climate discourse toward the focus on social justice and gender equity and concludes that gender considerations should be incorporated into climate resilience strategies as an ethical imperative and a necessary condition of sustainable adaptation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Shafique Ahmed, Dr. Sabahat Jaleel, Asifa Noor Tahira (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Knowledge and perceptions of healthcare educators regarding climate change and its inclusion in undergraduate health sciences curriculum
The study explored the knowledge and perceptions of Health Care Educators regarding climate change and its inclusion in undergraduate health sciences curriculum. The study data was collected with 12 individualized interviews of faculty members. The written consent was taken from all the participants. The duration of each interview was 30 to 40 minutes. They were conducted in English language and were audio recorded for transcription and analysis. Key findings affirmed that climate change, driven predominantly by human activity, incurs broad-ranging impacts on public health, necessitating an informed response from healthcare educators. There is a consensus on the urgency to integrate climate education into health curriculum at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels, equipping future healthcare providers to navigate the complexities of climate-related health challenges. Schools can play a vital role in disseminating health education related to climate change. The integration of climate-focused content promises to foster awareness and drive behavioral changes to mitigate the deleterious effects of climate change on health and society. Early education is the foundation for addressing health disparities arising from climate-related issues, ensuring a resilient future generation.
Climate change; Health education, Health care educators, Curriculum and Population.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ms. Saira Mehboob Ali Lalani, Dr. Javeria Farooq, Ms. Samreen Nanji, Ms. Razia Jaffery (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Flood-Induced gendered health vulnerabilities and adaptive capacities in South Punjab, Pakistan
This study aims to explore the flood-affected people's experiences of healthcare services as a consequence of floods, how disasters disrupt women's mobility, and gender-specific health issues. This study seeks to explore how gender roles, access to healthcare, limited mobility, and care obligations influence health consequences and contribute to different vulnerabilities in flood-affected areas. A qualitative research approach and phenomenological research design were used. The participants were recruited from the Rajanpur District of Punjab, Pakistan. Thirty flood-affected individuals (fifteen females and fifteen males) were purposively selected for in-depth interviews, and thematic analysis was performed for analysis. Results show that there was a high level of gender inequality in the access to healthcare services and provision of reproductive health, as well as psychosocial well-being. Women reported feeling burdened by their caregiving responsibilities, experiencing a lack of privacy in shelters, and facing limitations in accessing medical help. Indigenous adaptive resilience did nevertheless occur in the form of community-based women’s networks and informal care systems. The study concludes that promoting gender-sensitive disaster health planning may help to reinforce inclusive adaptive capacities and enable equal health interventions in flood-affected areas
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Uzair, Prof. Dr. Ra’ana Malik (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Assessing the impact of climate change induced floods on school education in Pakistan: A case study of South Punjab
Climate change is related to long term variations in the earth temperatures and weather pattern. These variations can be due to natural and anthropogenic activities. Floods are the major events of climate change. Therefore, climate change has been posing risks to the global peace and socio-economic development indiscriminately. Pakistan has also been facing this issue continuously. It has been witnessing massive floods whereas 2010 and 2022 floods were the most devastating in its history. None of the sector is immune from it. Qualitative research along with interpretive and explanatory research techniques is used in this study. Secondary sources such as published books, journals, newspaper, etc are used in it. As far as findings are concerned, school education especially in South Punjab is the most vulnerable floods. Educational activities remained suspended for long time because of destruction of school buildings, infrastructure, mass migration and relief camps in the premises of schools. Enrolment decreased whereas dropout ratio increased. Disaster risk reduction strategies and flood resilient schools' building are necessary for carrying smoothly school educational activities.
Copyright (c) 2025 Qasim Ali (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0